Born in France in 1596, who studied law and served as a soldier before becoming the father of modern philosophy?

Born in Elwood, Indiana, in 1892, which Republican presidential candidate lost to FDR in 1940? Born in England in 1919, which ballerina formed a famous partnership with Rudolf Nureyev? Born in England in 1937, which painter discovered sunny California in the 1960s and made it his home? Born in Fabens, Texas, in 1931, which jockey retired in 1990 with a then-record 8,833 wins? Born in Nice in 1807, when it was part of France, which leader of the "Redshirts" played a leading part in unifying Ita… Born in Genoa in 1782, which violin virtuoso played so well that listeners thought he was in league with the devil? Born in Germany in 1685, which composer settled in England and died in London on April 14, 1759? Born in Germany in 1879, which scientist became a Swiss citizen around 1901 and a U.S. citizen in 1940?