Born in Edinburgh in 1771, who is considered the first major historical novelist?

Born in Washington, D.C., in 1948, whose husband narrowly lost the 2000 presidential election? Born in Denmark, which photographer spurred social reform with his pictures and words about New York tenements? Born in Dijon on December 15, 1832, which engineer's most famous work towers over Paris? Born in Dublin, Texas, in 1912, which four-time U.S. Open winner had his own line of golf equipment? Born in Edinburgh in 1847, which inventor moved to Boston in 1871 to teach deaf students? Born in El Paso in 1921, which "Star Trek" creator died in 1991? Born in Elwood, Indiana, in 1892, which Republican presidential candidate lost to FDR in 1940? Born in England in 1919, which ballerina formed a famous partnership with Rudolf Nureyev?