Which Belfast-born scientist, who lived from 1824 to 1907, gave his name to a scale beginning at absolute zero?

Which Oglala Lakota war leader, admired even by his enemies as a strategist, fought at the Little Bighorn in 1876? Born Artis Ivey Jr., which rapper won a Grammy for Best Rap Solo Performance for "Gangsta's Paradise"? Born at the Château de Chavaniac in 1757, which Frenchman was hailed as "the Hero of Two Worlds"? Which pop artist, born in Pittsburgh on August 6, 1928, painted a famous series of portraits of Mao? Raised in Waukegan, Illinois, which comedian born Benjamin Kubelsky famously claimed to be 39 year after year? Which Athenian philosopher, who died about 399 B.C., was picked up by time travelers in "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventu… Born Charles-Édouard Jeanneret in Switzerland in 1887, which modernist architect worked under a pseudonym? Born on Christmas Day 1821, which nurse was called the "Angel of the Battlefield" during the Civil War?