After the 1851 discovery of what in New South Wales and Victoria did Australia's population almost triple by 1860?

As a producer in 1997, who had several No. 1 hits, including his own "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down"? As a quarterback for the Oklahoma Sooners, which future GOP congressman was MVP of the 1980 and 1981 Orange Bowls? As a ratio, 7 is to 10 as what number is to 30? Japan's victory in its 1904-1905 war against which country gave it Port Arthur and southern Sakhalin? As a result of the 1929 Lateran Treaty with Italy, which state became an independent nation? In the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel took control of which densely populated coastal strip on the Mediterranean? After the 2000 census, New York and which Keystone State each lost two House seats? Under the 1814 Treaty of Kiel, after the Napoleonic Wars, which country ceded Norway to Sweden?