Japan's victory in its 1904-1905 war against which country gave it Port Arthur and southern Sakhalin?

Which Mississippi native served as a White House spokesman under President Reagan in the 1980s? As a producer in 1997, who had several No. 1 hits, including his own "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down"? As a quarterback for the Oklahoma Sooners, which future GOP congressman was MVP of the 1980 and 1981 Orange Bowls? As a ratio, 7 is to 10 as what number is to 30? After the 1851 discovery of what in New South Wales and Victoria did Australia's population almost triple by 1860? As a result of the 1929 Lateran Treaty with Italy, which state became an independent nation? In the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel took control of which densely populated coastal strip on the Mediterranean? After the 2000 census, New York and which Keystone State each lost two House seats?