Who received a U.S. patent in 1844 for vulcanizing rubber?

Which 1843 story begins "Marley was dead: to begin with"? John Lloyd Stephens' 1843 "Incidents of Travel in Yucatan" described the ruins of which civilization? In 1844, dentist Horace Wells had a tooth pulled after inhaling which gas, pioneering its use as an anesthetic? Henry Clay ran for president in 1844 as the nominee of which party? Who was inaugurated as the 11th U.S. president in 1845? Which 1845 poem is set "upon a midnight dreary" in bleak December in the narrator's chamber? In 1846, dentist William Morton demonstrated ether at Massachusetts General Hospital, pioneering what? In 1846, heavy snowfall trapped which pioneer party in the Sierra Nevada, where some resorted to cannibalism?