In whose novels do the Dwarves speak Khuzdul and the One Ring bear an inscription in the Black Speech?

From the Latin for "write over," what is the official record of a student's courses and grades? By 1877, which author had the idea for a story in which Edward VI and a pauper change places? After a bombardment in April 1861, which became the first Union fort to surrender to the Confederacy? If you smell the mercaptans deliberately added to which fuel, you should get out of the house? Clarence Darrow, Tom Brady and Gerald Ford all attended which university? Jeremy Kissner and Raquel Beaudene played the young versions of which two stars' characters in 1998's "Great Expectatio… A green dye was among the listed ingredients of which famous shampoo introduced in 1946? Chicken paprikash is a famous dish from which country?