Which Scottish inventor, born in 1736 and died in 1819, greatly improved on Thomas Newcomen's steam engine?

Who married 18-year-old William Shakespeare in 1582 and died in 1623? Which Dutch painter, born in 1606 and died in 1669, painted "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp"? Born in Woolsthorpe, England, in 1642, which scientist supposedly had a dog named Diamond that set fire to his papers? Which Russian ruler, who lived from 1672 to 1725, founded the city that became Russia's second largest? Which Russian czar, born in 1818 and died in 1881, freed the serfs and sold Alaska? Which Massachusetts-born painter created "Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 2", a portrait of Thomas Carlyle? Which Old West lawman, born in 1850, shot and killed Billy the Kid? Which French painter, born in Paris in 1859, created "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte"?