Around 1250, which country's King Afonso III reclaimed the Algarve from the Moors?

Around 1171, Saladin became the ruler of which country, ending the Fatimid Caliphate there? The Bronze Age was replaced by which metal-working age, around 1200 B.C. in the Middle East and later in China? Around 1240, which Mongol conqueror's grandson Batu founded the Golden Horde? According to the Bible, after Moses died, which leader led the Israelites in the conquest of Canaan? Around 1260, which country acquired Greenland and Iceland under King Haakon IV? Around 1268, Roger Bacon wrote that which optical devices could be used to help people with weak eyesight? Which pharaoh became king of Egypt as a child around 1332 B.C. and is famous for the treasures of his tomb? The Dead Sea, whose shores are the lowest land on Earth's surface, is on which continent?