Which kind of star, whose name means "new" in Latin, suddenly flares up to many times its normal brightness?

Complete Thomas Hobbes' last words: "I am about to take my last voyage, a great ___ in the dark." Which honorary Kentucky colonel, who died in Louisville in 1980, is still the face of a fried chicken chain? Which politician, then serving as mayor of Paris, lost the 1988 French presidential election to François Mitterrand? Which soft men's hat with a front-to-back crease takes its name from the heroine of an 1882 play? In "The Scarlet Letter", Hester Prynne must wear an "A" for her affair with which minister? The sago is really a cycad, but its common name calls it which kind of tree, whose fronds churches use on the Sunday be… Which 1985 Bruce Springsteen hit shares its title with a Dave Marsh book about him? Which 2000 Baha Men hit asked a famous question about some barking canines?