From the title of a medieval Latin work, what is the term for publications like Thomas Paine's "The American Crisis" series?

From the Latin for "six-monthly", which divisions of a college year can be 15 to 18 weeks long? From the Latin for "prescribe", which word can mean to give orders, or to speak aloud for someone to write down? From the Latin for "strain", what bowl-shaped strainer is used to drain liquid from foods such as pasta? From the Tamil word for "roll", "curuttu", what is a cigar with square-cut ends called? Gavin MacLeod, Bernie Kopell and Ted Lange as the bartender starred on which TV series? In 2005, which News Corp. chief bought the company that owned MySpace for $580 million? Which general led the invasion of Italy in World War II and later commanded U.N. forces in Korea? Geoffrey Rush won an Emmy in 2005 for starring in "The Life and Death of..." which comic actor?