Which adjective means artificial or synthetic, from the German for "replacement"?

Which adjective comes before "as leather" and "as nails" in similes? Which adjective is in the name of the rag dolls Ann and Andy? Which adjective, meaning nightmarishly bureaucratic, was inspired by novelist Franz? What does "p.m." mean when used in medicine to mean after death? Which adjective is used for the U.S. railroad completed in 1869? Admiral Rickover's study concluded that which ship's 1898 explosion was likely caused by a coal bunker fire? Adman Hal Riney came up with the 1984 Reagan slogan "It's ___ again in America". Which word? Horatio Nelson became a hero by defeating Napoleon's fleet in the 1798 battle of which river?