Which former kingdom made up the western part of what is now the Czech Republic?

What did the former European nation known as the GDR call itself in English? A former foreign editor of Time magazine founded which rival news magazine in 1933? Fernando Henrique Cardoso became president of which large South American country in 1995? Which former California governor and presidential candidate was elected mayor of Oakland in 1998? A former monk who rose from poverty founded which Chinese dynasty in 1368? A former Rhodes Scholar, whose image as an ordinary bloke helped him become Australia's prime minister in 1983? Which former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development was Bob Dole's running mate in 1996? A former Tennessee senator quipped in 2002, "I am concerned about the economy. I was the first one laid off." Who?