What is a formal reduction in rank, status or position called?

What does IUD, a form of birth control, stand for? Solid, liquid and gas are each a what of matter? What is a formal ball for debutantes called? What kind of formal public statement did Abraham Lincoln issue on January 1, 1863? A formation known as Half Dome rises more than 4,700 feet above the valley floor in which California national park? What did the former European nation known as the GDR call itself in English? A former foreign editor of Time magazine founded which rival news magazine in 1933? Fernando Henrique Cardoso became president of which large South American country in 1995?