Which leader of civil disobedience had the middle name Karamchand?

In which city is the Shakespeare play set in which a character asks "What news on the Rialto?" A civil what might design dams, bridges and highways? Which civil rights group, founded in 1942, shares its acronym with the part of an apple where the seeds are? A civil war known as the War of a Thousand Days broke out in which South American country in 1899? What is a legal claim upon property to secure payment of a debt? What makes a "clap" in a rainstorm? A clapperboard is used to synchronize film with what? A classic 1900 book describes which dog: "He was not gray; he was a little black dog, with long silky hair"?